Rising use of agrochemicals, increased contamination of (insufficiently treated) wastewater and lack of sanitary marketing conditions threaten peri-urban fish and aquatic vegetable production, reducing production levels and food quality. Research, technical assistance and training on environmentally friendly production technologies, as well as health risk management strategies in production and marketing (see also Brief 3), should thus be promoted.
Research and experimentation with new products and identification of potential market channels, is also needed to further improve farmers’ livelihoods, business potential and market access. Lack of information on market prices, size and demand make planning outputs however difficult. Organisation of peri-urban aquatic producers should be strengthened so that they can gain or improve access to information, markets and services as well as official recognition and direct participation in urban policy making and planning.
Finally, specialist information and training on new production systems and techniques, as well as new or improved market channels, should be produced and disseminated through simple, short and user-friendly methods (leaflets, posters, videos, farmer-to-farmer exchange) and included in technical assistance and extension programmes.
Food safety for the consumer and occupational health risks for aquaculture producers, especially those working in wastewater-fed systems, affect the future potential of growing fish and aquatic vegetables in cities. Deteriorating water quality and increased agrochemical use in order to boost production, have resulted in governments and consumers being increasingly concerned with the quality, food hygiene and safety of aquatic products.
Consumers should be provided information on the quality of wastewater-fed fish and aquatic plants (including overcoming misperceptions on the levels of contamination). Research is therefore needed to assess actual relative and absolute health risks from both producers’ and consumers’ perspectives. A risk assessment based approach as recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO), should be applied to mitigate food safety, occupational hazards and other risks.
Risks could also be reduced by promoting low-risk production systems, such as ornamental fish and plants, in specific areas or production conditions. Health risk reduction measures should however not only focus on improving water quality and production practices (see further Brief 5), but also ensure transport and market hygiene and avoid post-harvest contamination.
Fast-growing urban populations and cities generate increasing volumes of domestic and industrial wastewater. This wastewater is used for aquaculture and agriculture production, being often the only (reliable) source of water and nutrients available. Although municipalities are increasingly aware of the significance of the practice and the benefits it can bring, they often do not know the practical recommendations available to make wastewater use safer and more sustainable, without relying on non-affordable treatment technologies alone.
The long-term goal of integrated waste management will always be to move from unregulated use of untreated wastewater to a more regulated and multi-beneficial approach. Environmental legislation should be strengthened and wastewater discharge into public water bodies better monitored and regulated, while low-cost treatment systems are being provided. The level of necessary wastewater treatment however, can vary if complementary health risk reduction strategies are put in place.
The highest priority in the short term should be to minimise daily risks to producers and consumers, which is possible with modest investments. Awareness raising, promoting use of various health-protection measures during production and marketing, and improving institutional coordination are intermediate options for risk-management (IWMI, Water Policy Briefing Series, Issue 17; www.iwmi.cgiar.org/waterpolicybriefing/index.asp).
In many South-East Asian cities, urban and peri-urban aquaculture - including fish and aquatic vegetable production, processing and marketing - is widely practiced, historically with little regulation and government support.
Processes of urbanisation however, are putting increasing pressure on land and water-bodies used for aquatic production systems, resulting in the loss of livelihoods of many aquatic farming families. To reconcile the needs posed by urban growth with the need for activities of high economic and social value, urban aquaculture should be included and regulated in urban development plans and strategies.
National and local governments and community leaders should: - Recognise peri-urban aquaculture as a legitimate use of land and water bodies in and around their cities, - Target and incorporate aquatic production systems in their city development and land use plans, - Guarantee aquaculture producers access to land and safe water, - Set up and develop a programme or unit with the specific mandate to coordinate interventions related to peri-urban aquaculture development; and - Enhance support and further research leading to sustainable and safe forms of aquatic production and marketing systems.
The PAPUSSA Programme has made available an increasing amount of information on peri-urban aquatic production systems in South-East Asian cities, their benefits and constraints. To further support the strengthening the peri-urban aquatic production and marketing systems in the above-mentioned cities, as well as in other South-East Asian cities, stakeholders in these cities identified 4 key recommendations (see below) to guide policy makers and other senior stakeholders in further development of the sector. These recommendations include the need to: Integrate aquaculture into urban planning and development strategies Manage health risks to develop wastewater into a valuable resource and asset Improve public health and food safety concerned with urban aquaculture, and Promote more sustainable production and marketing strategies. An overall description of the importance, the need and recommendations for development and policy making on (peri)urban aquaculture is given in a first and introductory Policy Brief. Each of these recommendations has further been addressed in greater depth in 4 additional Policy Briefs. All guidelines given are based on PAPUSSA research and output, and aim to assist in the process of decision-making rather than to provide definitive answers.
University of Stirling Institute of Aquaculture Stirling FK9 4LA UK
The considerable quantities and value of edible aquatic plants cultivated in SE Asian cities is not measured or included in annual FAO statistics for aquaculture production. This is despite creating income and employment for a significant number of peri-urban households, in many cases recycling and treating urban waste water, whilst also producing a green and nutritious foodstuff which is consumed on a daily basis by millions of urban dwellers in these cities. This manual is an output from the EC funded Papussa (Production in Aquatic Peri-urban Systems in SE Asia) project and was conceived and put together after finding there was little if any technical support or information for the many existing aquatic plant growers or those who might wish to begin cultivating them on a commercial basis.
by Nguyen Thi Dieu Phuong Pham Anh Tuan Nguyen Thi Hanh Tien Pham Bau Ho Kim Diep Nguyen Thi Tan
A baseline and 3 monitoring surveys have been carried out from 14/4/2004 to 29/1/2005 in 209 households who are involved in producing fish and aquatic plants in 4 communities Bang B, Tran Phu, Dong My and Duc Tu in peri-urban Hanoi. The objective of these 4 surveys was to understand better the different aspects of the livelihoods of aquatic food production households and to determine the actual problems and challenges that Aquatic Food Production Systems (AFPS) households are facing, to predict the future development of AFPS’s in peri-urban Hanoi.
Phạm Anh Tuấn, Nguyễn Thị Tần Viện Nghiên cứu Nuôi trồng Thủy sản I
Bệnh đốm trắng (White spot syndrome virus - WSSV) được phát hiện đầu tiên ở Trung Quốc và Thái Lan vào năm 1989 (Chen, 1989). Ở Việt Nam năm 2001 (Bùi Quang Tề và ctv.,2003). Bệnh đă và đang gây thiệt hại lớn cho nghề nuôi tôm sú không chỉ ở châu Á mà c̣n trên toàn thế giới (Flegel, 1997). Đă có nhiều tác giả ứng dụng kỹ thuật PCR chẩn đoán virus gây bệnh đốm trắng, Chou và ctv. (1998) phát hiện WSSV tại Đài Loan bằng phương pháp PCR lồng, Kim và ctv (1998) phát hiện WSSV trên tôm ở Hàn quốc bằng phương pháp PCR đơn. Tuy nhiên, việc t́m ra quy tŕnh tối ưu để phát hiện bệnh đốm trắng ở tôm nuôi tại Việt Nam là một lĩnh vực mới. Nghiên cứu kỹ thuật PCR trong việc chẩn đoán virus gây bệnh đốm trắng ở tôm sú nuôi tại Việt Nam, phát hiện nhanh WSSV nhằm hạn chế thiệt hại do bệnh đốm trắng gây ra là rất cần thiết.
Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, U.K. Department of Geography, University of Durham, U.K. Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Denmark Research Institute for Aquaculture No. 1, Hanoi, Vietnam National Institute for Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources Management, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Kim Van Van Nguyen Thi Dieu Phuong Nguyen Huu Hoa Phan Thu Phuong Nguyen Chien Van Nguyen Dang Tuan Nguyen Thuy Tram Pham Duc Phuc Pham Anh Tuan William Leschen
A PCA of Tran Phu community was carried out by RIA 1 (Research Institute For Aquaculture Nos 1) and NIHE (National Institute of Health and Epidemiology) teams from the 4th to 10th November, 2003. The commune was chosen as being representative of aquatic plants (water morning glory) and fish culture in wastewater. The tools used in the PCA were Well-being ranking, community mapping, timelines, seasonal calendars, activity matrix, food consumption, resource mapping, and problem ranking. The well-being ranking was carried out with different key informants before the actual PCA and was facilitated by 3 persons. There were 28 participants (12 women and 16 men) in the PCA who were divided into 4 groups (worst-off womens, worst-off mens, better-off womens and better-off mens) to discuss the previous 5 tools. Only the fish and aquatic plant producer groups were involved in the remaining tools (resource mapping and problem ranking).
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