Binh Thanh Thai a,b, Christopher P. Burridge c, Christopher M. Austin a,⁎ a School of Science and Primary Industries, Charles Darwin University, Darwin Northern Territory 0909, Australia b Research Institute for Aquaculture No 1, Dinh Bang, Tu Son, Bac Ninh, Viet Nam c Department of Zoology University of Otago 340 Great King street Dunedin, New Zealand Received 4 September 2006; received in revised form 7 May 2007; accepted 10 May 2007
Four highly variable microsatellite loci were used to investigate genetic diversity and population structure of common carp in Vietnam. A total of 968 fish were genotyped representing three groups comprising: three experimental lines from the Research Institute for Aquaculture No 1 (Bac Ninh); 11 hatcheries; and six wild populations from rivers and reservoirs giving 72 alleles over all loci. The mean number of alleles, per locus per population ranges from 4.25 to 11.00 and the mean observed heterozygosity at the four loci ranges from 0.40 to 0.83. An analysis of the distribution of genetic variation indicated within population variation is very high (90.6%), while among populations within groups and among groups is low (5.0% and 4.5% respectively). Highly significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg, mostly due to deficits of heterozygotes, were found in both experimental and hatchery groups suggesting either inbreeding or recent stock mixing. Wild common carp populations exhibited more genetic diversity than cultured populations in term of allele richness and observed heterozygosity. Results from assignment tests for the 20 populations of carp indicated that the experimental common carp lines can be largely distinguish from one another and that mixing between indigenous and introduces carp is occurring in hatcheries and possibly also in wild populations. Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) and UPGMA analyses show that the experimental Vietnamese white carp line is closely related to wild common carp populations; the hatchery stocks are mostly closely related to the experimental Indonesian yellow carp line but with evidence of some mixing; and the domesticated Hungarian population is highly divergent and not closely related to any other carp populations.
Binh Thanh Thai1,2, Van Ngo Si2, Phuc Dinh Phan3 and Christopher M Austin1,a 1 School of Science and Primary Industries, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, Darwin, Northern Territory 0909, Australia 2 Research Institute for Aquaculture No 1, Dinh Bang, Tu Son, Bac Ninh, Vietnam 3 Research Institute for Aquaculture No 3, 33 Dang Tat, Nha Trang, Khanh Hoa, Vietnam Received 18 January 2007; Accepted 24 May 2007
Abstract – The Cyprinidae is the largest freshwater fish family in Vietnam, with over 220 recognised species, many of which play an important role in aquaculture or are harvested from the wild. Despite numerous studies on the taxonomy of this family based on traditional morphological data, the relationships between major cyprinid groups is poorly understood and the taxonomic validity of a number of these groups is under debate. While an increasing number of molecular studies on cyprinid relationships have been conducted many have used restricted sampling and none have incorporated Vietnamese species. In this study, mitochondrial 16S rRNA, D-loop and cytochrome b gene sequences from 25 species of cyprinids collected from Vietnam were obtained and combined with sequences of cyprinids available in GenBank, in order to investigate the taxonomic validity of subfamilies within Cyprinidae and their phylogenetic relationships. The molecular data supported traditional division of the Cyprinidae into two major lineages: Cyprinines and Leuciscines. The placement of the Danioninae as the sister lineage to this grouping was not supported. Many of the subfamily boundaries were questioned and doubt was raised on some of the generic level classifications. The validity of species designation in Cyprinus, Tor and Cyclocheilichthys was also questioned. This study will need to be extended with greater taxon and gene sampling to further consolidate our understanding of cyprinid relationships and classification.
Trần Thị Tho Trung tâm Quan trắc Cảnh báo môi trường Dịch bệnh Viện Nghiên cứu Nuôi trồng Thủy sản 1
Ngày nay các nhà khoa học đă khẳng định tảo độc trong việc làm ô nhiễm nguồn nước và có hại cho ngành thuỷ sản. Nó c̣n gây ngộ độc tới động vật, gia cầm và người. Đặc biệt hiện tượng “thuỷ triều đỏ” hay gọi là sự nở hoa của một số loài thực vật phù du (TVPD) biển đă tiêu diệt một lượng lớn hải sản. Tảo độc đă gây nên những thiệt hại to lớn cho nghề nuôi trồng thuỷ sản ở Úc, Brazil, Bungari, Ư, Na-Uy, New Zealand và Hàn Quốc.... Nước ta đă cảnh báo “thuỷ triều đỏ” tôm, cá Mú trong lồng bị chết, thiệt hại hàng chục tỷ đồng và chưa kể đến gây phá huỷ về môi trường.
Hiện nay nghiên cứu tảo độc trên thế giới và trong nước đă tiến hành theo 4 hướng chủ yếu sau: 1. Điều tra, phát hiện những vùng xuất hiện tảo độc và các hiệu ứng độc. 2. Những tảo gây độc, tác động của điều kiện môi trường lên sự nở hoa của nước và sự tích luỹ độc tố. Những phương pháp phát hiện các loài tảo độc. 3. Độc tố của tảo (phycotoxin). Các nhóm độc tố. 4. Giám sát và quản lư tảo độc.
Nghiên cứu bảo quản tinh của một số động vật đă được tiến hành rất sớm. Đối tượng nghiên cứu đầu tiên là các vật nuôi trên cạn như cừu, ḅ, dê... sau đó đến các vật nuôi dưới nước là các loài cá (Glenister và ctv., 1990; Leibo và ctv., 1994). Thành công trong việc bảo quản tinh đă mở ra nhiều triển vọng, mang lại nhiều lợi ích cho ngành chăn nuôi gia súc cũng như ngành nuôi trồng thuỷ sản. Nhiều nghiên cứu thành công đă được áp dụng có hiệu quả vào thực tiễn sản xuất, nhất là trong việc lưu giữ gen phục vụ công việc lai tạo và chọn giống.
B.T. Thai a,b, T.A. Pham b, C.M. Austin a, a School of Ecology and Environment, Deakin University, P.O. Box 423, Warrnambool, VIC 3280, Australia b Research Institute for Aquaculture No 1, Dinh Bang, Tu Son, Bac Ninh, Vietnam Received 23 November 2005; received in revised form 21 February 2006; accepted 19 March 2006
B.T. THAI1 and T.G. NGO2 1School of Ecology and Environment Deakin University P. O. Box 423, Warrnambool VIC 3280, Australia 2Research Institute for Aquaculture No 1 Dinh Bang, Tu Son Bac Ninh Vietnam
Abstract Four treatments including three different concentrations of pineapple solution (1%, 3%, 5%) and the traditional method (salt/urea/tannin solutions) were used to eliminate egg stickiness of common carp. With the traditional method, fertilization and hatching rates were 74.5% ± 1.2 and 70.2% ± 1.1, respectively. The highest fertilization rate (89.3% ± 0.7) and hatching rate (86.6% ± 1.4) were found with treatment of 1% pineapple juice solution and was significantly different from those obtained with other treatments (P<0.05). Using pineapple juice for desticking common carp eggs also reduced the time of egg handling om almost one hour required with the traditional method, to about three minutes, as well as increasing fertilization and hatching rate under hatchery conditions.
Martin S. Kumar Thai Thanh Binh Samantha N. Burgess Le Thanh Luu
There are questions remaining about many aspects relating to fish food, including, the type of organisms consumed, mechanisms of consumption, and the digestibility and nutritive value of plankton. Common practice has been to divide fish into different types according to foraging in natural habitats, that is, fish are described as feeding on phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthic animals, macrophytes, or detritus. The distinction between the different feeding habits is not always absolute. Although species such as rohu, Labeo rohita, mrigal, Cirrhinus mrigala (Indian major carp), and Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (African origin) are omnivorous, their adaptability in different climatic conditions varies.
Martin S. Kumar Thai Thanh Binh Le Thanh Luu Steven M. Clarke
Efficient usage of fertilizers in organic or inorganic forms show onflicting results in terms of net fish production under various climatic conditions. Manures applied to polyculture ponds as organic fertilizer, require a process of decomposition before the nutritional contents are released, assimilated, and utilized by plankton. On the other hand, inorganic (chemical) fertilizers are granular and concentrated with primary nutrients. Major nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) readily dissolve in water in ionic forms of nitrate, ammonium and orthophosphate. The differences in fertilizer solubility (nutrient release rate) and decomposition processes (organic fertilization) make the water quality and biological response distinctively different in inorganic fertilizer applied ponds. Previous research has indicated that one grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella, can support the growth of three silver carp.
B. T. Thai*,†, C. P. Burridge*, T. A. Pham† and C. M. Austin* *School of Ecology and Environment, Deakin University, PO Box 423, Warrnambool, VIC 3280, Australia. †Research Institute for Aquaculture No. 1 (RIA 1), Dinh Bang, Tu Son, Bac Ninh, Vietnam
Direct sequencing of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop (745 bp) and MTATPase6/ MTATPase8 (857 bp) regions was used to investigate genetic variation within common carp and develop a global genealogy of common carp strains. The D-loop region was more variable than the MTATPase6/MTATPase8 region, but given the wide distribution of carp the overall levels of sequence divergence were low. Levels of aplotype diversity varied widely among countries with Chinese, Indonesian and Vietnamese carp showing the greatest diversity whereas Japanese Koi and European carp had undetectable nucleotide variation. A enealogical analysis supports a close relationship between Vietnamese, Koi and Chinese Color carp strains and to a lesser extent, European carp. inese and Indonesian carp strains were the most divergent, and their relationships do not support the evolution of independent Asian and European lineages and current taxonomic treatments.
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