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Binh Thanh Thai a,b, Christopher P. Burridge c, Christopher M. Austin a,⁎
a School of Science and Primary Industries, Charles Darwin University, Darwin Northern Territory 0909, Australia
b Research Institute for Aquaculture No 1, Dinh Bang, Tu Son, Bac Ninh, Viet Nam
c Department of Zoology University of Otago 340 Great King street Dunedin, New Zealand
Received 4 September 2006; received in revised form 7 May 2007; accepted 10 May 2007


Four highly variable microsatellite loci were used to investigate genetic diversity and population structure of common carp in Vietnam. A total of 968 fish were genotyped representing three groups comprising: three experimental lines from the Research Institute for Aquaculture No 1 (Bac Ninh); 11 hatcheries; and six wild populations from rivers and reservoirs giving 72 alleles over all loci. The mean number of alleles, per locus per population ranges from 4.25 to 11.00 and the mean observed heterozygosity at the four loci ranges from 0.40 to 0.83. An analysis of the distribution of genetic variation indicated within population variation is very high (90.6%), while among populations within groups and among groups is low (5.0% and 4.5% respectively). Highly significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg, mostly due to deficits of heterozygotes, were found in both experimental and hatchery groups suggesting either inbreeding or recent stock mixing. Wild common carp populations exhibited more genetic diversity than cultured populations in term of allele richness and observed heterozygosity. Results from assignment tests for the 20 populations of carp indicated that the experimental common carp lines can be largely distinguish from one another and that mixing between indigenous and introduces carp is occurring in hatcheries and possibly also in wild populations. Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) and UPGMA analyses show that the experimental Vietnamese white carp line is closely related to wild common carp populations; the hatchery stocks are mostly closely related to the experimental Indonesian yellow carp line but with evidence of
some mixing; and the domesticated Hungarian population is highly divergent and not closely related to any other carp populations.

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B.T. Thai a,b, T.A. Pham b, C.M. Austin a,
a School of Ecology and Environment, Deakin University, P.O. Box 423, Warrnambool, VIC 3280, Australia
b Research Institute for Aquaculture No 1, Dinh Bang, Tu Son, Bac Ninh, Vietnam
Received 23 November 2005; received in revised form 21 February 2006; accepted 19 March 2006



Abstract
The aquaculture of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in Vietnam is based upon both indigenous and introduced stocks which have not been subject to study using modern molecular genetic methods to any significant extent. Twenty strains or populations of common carp in Vietnam represented by 968 fish were screened for variation in mitochondrial control region fragments using a combination of direct DNA sequencing and Single Strand Confirmation Polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. Common carp samples from China, Japan, Indonesia, and Hungary were analysed for comparison. Sequencing revealed that Vietnamese common carp have high haplotype, but low nucleotide diversity and represent a mixture of indigenous and introduced strains. The SSCP procedure resolved eight haplotypes that distinguished Indonesian, Hungarian and Vietnamese strains and which varied significantly among hatchery and wild Vietnamese common carp populations. Intra-population diversity was least in experimental
common carp lines, maintained at the Research Institute for Aquaculture No 1 and greatest within hatchery stocks. Relationships among populations based on SSCP haplotype frequencies showed that the RIA1 Vietnamese white common carp strain is closely related to wild populations, which in turn are closely related to six of the eleven hatchery stocks. The other five hatchery stocks had higher levels of interpopulation variation and mostly showed a closer relationship to Indonesian yellow carp strains. The Hungarian carp strain was highly divergent from all other populations suggesting that this strain has not contributed significantly to the establishment of cultured stocks in Vietnam, based on this maternally inherited marker. The SSCP procedure shows considerable potential for rapid genotyping and genetic characterization of common carp and therefore, for investigation of diversity in wild stocks and broodstock management.
© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Ngô Anh Tuấn
Đại học Thuỷ sản


Điệp seo phân bố ở vùng biển Vạn Ninh - Khánh Hòa, là loài hải sản có giá trị kinh tế cao. Do tình hình khai thác không có kế hoạch, chưa hợp lý nên nguồn lợi có xu hướng bị giảm sút. Để có biện pháp khai thác hợp lý, bảo vệ và tái tạo nguồn lợi, tạo cơ sở khoa học cho việc sản xuất giống nhân tạo phục vụ cho nghề nuôi điệp trong tương lai, góp phần xóa đói giảm nghèo, giải quyết công ăn việc làm cho ngư dân cần thiết phải nghiên cứu đặc điểm sinh học của điệp seo.

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